Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Nursing Theorist Grid Essay Example for Free

Nursing Theorist Grid Essay 1. Scholar Selected: Florence Nightingale conceived on 5/12/1820, an essayist, a thinker, a scholar, a â€Å"reformer, an analyst, a chairman, a researcher† (Attewell, 1998), a teacher, and a medical attendant pioneer. 2. Depiction of key purposes of the hypothesis: Nightingale was one of the primary scholar to interface the earth with the patient’s prosperity. Songbird accepted a people wellbeing relied upon their condition and that patients will be agreeable to treatment since they needed to be thought about and be sound. Songbird accepted (as refered to by Alligood, 2010, p. 101), â€Å"that the individual was an all encompassing individual and therefore had an otherworldly measurement. She thought nursing was an otherworldly calling, and with that conviction she accepted that medical caretakers could help those customers who were in profound distress.† She accepted that the way the home, network or emergency clinic room was kept influenced the patient’s mending process. She made â€Å"13 guns: Ventilation and warmth, light, neatness of rooms and dividers, soundness of houses, commotion, bed and bedding, individual tidiness, assortment, jabbering expectations and advices, taking food, what food, frivolous administration and perception of the sick† (Alligood, 2010, p.101-102) that help under the watchful eye of the patient and nature to help advance great wellbeing. She likewise accepted that medical caretakers ought to be minding in nature and need to think about the evil and not for individual increase. Songbird advanced an even eating routine to assist the patient with the recuperating procedure. 3. Theory’s chronicled foundation: Nightingale built up her enthusiasm youthful throughout everyday life. Cook composed (as refered to by Selanders, 2010) â€Å"She records in her journal a communication with God at age 16 when He â€Å"called her to His service†. Songbird explained (as refered to by Alligood, 2010, p.98), â€Å"nursing information is unmistakable from clinical knowledge.† Nursing centers around the patient and nature to advance wellbeing where medication centers around infection process and restorative use for wellbeing. In 1854-60 Nightingale thought about the injured warriors in the Crimean War with â€Å"emphasis on hygiene† (Attewell, 1998). During her time in the Crimean war she convinced the training of armed force fighters and specialists, which at that point lead to an opening of a pathology lab. She was a promoter for nursing instruction and clinical experience. â€Å"In 1860 established first program to teach nurture in St. Thomas Hospital in London† (Alligood, 2010, p.98). In 1882 she composed 2 articles â€Å"nurses, preparing of†, â€Å"nursing the sick†, they were regarding how nursing school ought to prepare. Let us not overlook how she help examine information she gathered. â€Å"Statistics were an essential segment of Nightingale’s foundational way to deal with wellbeing care† (McDonald, 2010). Complete the accompanying network dependent on the chose scholar data. Characterize each term as per the chose scholar. Clarify how the chose theorist’s way to deal with every component of the metaparadigm applies to the accompanying: Nursing practice Nursing instruction Nursing research Term Definition Applied to Nursing Practice Applied to Nursing Education Applied to Nursing Research Individual As per Alligood (2010, p98), â€Å"most of Nightingale’s works allude to the individual as the person who is accepting consideration, she believed that the individual is a dynamic and complex being†. The one whose wellbeing is influenced by nature. The patient permits the medical attendant to give care and help advance a more beneficial condition. McDonald noted (as refered to by Hegge, 2013) â€Å"Nightingale understood that common laborers ladies required training to become equipped medical attendants, so she started planning instructive components that would later be utilized in the Nightingale School of Nursing.† Nightingale’s examination and information assortment was accomplished to help the patient. Making proof based practices. Wellbeing As per Alligood (2010, p 98) Nightingale composed, â€Å"Health isn't just to be well, yet to have the option to utilize well every force we have.†Ã‚ Nightingale made the 13 standards to help advance wellbeing. Getting patients back to their working status before they became sick. Songbird advanced patient wellbeing training, particularly in the young ladies so her kids could be sound. Songbird factual ability help make changes to improve a patients care and generally wellbeing. Nursing Whall noted (as refered to by Alligood, 2010, p. 99)â€Å"Nightingale considered nursing to be the â€Å"science of natural management.† Nightingale set four stages for nursing process: perception of patient’s wellbeing status, ID what necessities changing in the earth, usage of nursing care plan, reassessment of patient’s wellbeing status with documentation everything being equal. Songbird pushed for nursing instruction. Schools showed nurture how to watch a patient, how to adjust nature and actualize changes. We report back to the doctor from our evaluations and reassessments. Songbird had the medical clinic gathering information report information, for example, mortality and length of remain. The information was broke down and afterward changes in rehearses were actualized. Condition Selanders expressed (as refered to by Alligood, 2010, p98) that â€Å"environment can be characterized as whatever can be controlled to put a patient in the bestâ possible condition for nature to act†. Setting the patient in the proper condition. For instance, Creating a wonderful, quiet, relieving and calm condition in a nursery so infants can rest and remain solid without trouble. Schools made to help instruct the future medical attendants. In those lessons were the â€Å"how to change, modify, or improve the patient’s prompt condition. Nightingale’s gathered insights on the earth in which the fighters stayed in and dissected it making changes. Reference: Alligood, M.R. (2010). Nursing hypothesis: Utilization application (fourth ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier. pgs 98. Retreived from the UOP digital book assortment. Attewell, A. (1998). Florence songbird (1820-1910). Possibilities, 28(1), 151-166. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02737786. Recovered from the UOP online library Selanders, L. C. (2010, March). The Power of Environmental Adaptation: Florence Nightingale’s Original Theory for Nursing Practice. Diary of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-88. doi:10.1177/0898010109360257. Recovered from the UOP online library Hegge, M. (2013, July). Nightingale’s Environmental Theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 26(3), 211-219. doi:10.1177/0894318413489255. Recovered from the UOP online library McDonald, L. (2010, March). Florence Nightingale Passionate Statistician. Diary of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 92-98. doi:10.1177/0898010109358769. Recovered from the UOP online library

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Individual Rights in Health and Social Care Essay

Learning points secured Learning Aim An: Investigate the privileges of people utilizing wellbeing and social consideration administrations Learning Aim B: Examine the duties of businesses and representatives in maintaining administration clients rights in wellbeing and social consideration Situation You are going to go on work involvement with an instructional hub for youthful grown-ups with learning incapacities. A portion of the youthful grown-ups likewise have mental sick wellbeing and require medicine. Undertaking 1 We as a whole have rights As a component of your groundwork for work understanding, you have chosen to create a data pack on the privileges of the youthful grown-ups who go to the middle. Your data pack ought to contain: a synopsis of the privileges of the people who utilize the inside a clarification of how the privileges of people can be maintained inside the middle; you ought to allude to three models here an evaluation of the advantages and potential difficulties of maintaining the privileges of people inside the middle, alluding to your picked models a portrayal of how the Human Rights Act and the Mental Health Act 1983 might be utilized to maintain the privileges of youthful grown-ups who go to the middle, alluding to three models. Proof you should create for this undertaking Data pack Measures secured by this undertaking: To accomplish the measures you should show that you can: Unit Measure reference Sum up the individual privileges of administration clients in wellbeing and social consideration. 8 2A.P1 Depict how present and important enactment secures the privileges of administration clients, utilizing models. 8 2A.P2 Clarify manners by which administration clients singular rights can be maintained in wellbeing and social consideration, utilizing chosen models. 8 2A.M1 Evaluate the advantages and potential challenges of maintaining administration clients rights in wellbeing and social consideration, utilizing chosen models. 8 2A.D1 Errand 2 My privileges are your obligation Your boss at the instructional hub is intrigued with your data pack, and might want you to convey an introduction to a gathering of volunteers from a neighborhood school. Your introduction must include: a depiction of how each volunteer can boost the security of the youthful grown-ups who go to the inside, giving four pragmatic ways a clarification of why it is critical to survey potential dangers when arranging care for the youthful grown-ups an assessment of the significance of hazard appraisal when planning care, alluding to three models a portrayal of how every youthful grown-ups right to secrecy is ensured inside the middle a clarification of why the middle secures the privacy of the youthful grown-ups, alluding to the Data Protection Act 1998, and giving three models a legitimization of three events when it is important to penetrate classification in the instructional hub. Proof you should create for this assignment Student introduction Student notes Coach perception record Camcorder recording of the introduction to help mentor perceptions Rules secured by this assignment: To accomplish the rules you should show that you can: Unit Measure reference Portray how a representative can plan to boost the wellbeing of administration clients. 8 2B.P3 Depict how the privilege to secrecy is ensured in wellbeing and social consideration. 8 2B.P4 Clarify why hazard evaluation is significant in wellbeing and social consideration. 8 2B.M2 Disclose why the privilege to privacy is secured in wellbeing and social consideration, utilizing models. 8 2B.M3 Assess the significance of the utilization of hazard evaluations in wellbeing and social consideration, utilizing chosen models. 8 2B.D2 Legitimize events where there is a requirement for a representative to penetrate secrecy, utilizing models. 8 2B.D3 Wellsprings of data Course books Asbridge, L., Lavers, S., Stretch, B. what's more, Scott, J. (2008) BTEC First Health and Social Care, Revised Edition: Student Book, Oxford: Heinemann, 978-0-43550-026-9 Gresford, P. (1997) Case Studies in Health and Social Care, Oxford: Heinemann, 978-0-43545-273-5 Haworth, E., Higgins, H., Hoyle, H., Lavers, S. what's more, Lewis, C. (2010) BTEC Level 2 First Health and Social Care Teaching Resource Pack, Harlow: Pearson Education, 978-1-84690-671-8 Moonie, N., Bates, A. what's more, Spencer-Perkins, D. (2004) Diversity and Rights in (Care Management Series), Oxford: Heinemann, 978-0-43540-126-9 Nolan, Y. (2003), S/NVQ Level 2 Care Candidate Handbook: Student Handbook, Heinemann, 978-0-43545-221-6 Sites www.idea.gov.uk/idk/center/page.do?pageId=5145524 Uniformity Act 2010 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/law.pdf Wellbeing and Safety at Work Act 1974

Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches Essay

In the book â€Å"Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches†, Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter attempt to depict the procedure of authority and talk about its philosophical angles from Christian point of view. The creators really consider various subjects and data identified with various fields to make a legitimate determination. In addition all through their book they likewise endeavor to guarantee that everything worth talking about has been examined giving appropriate significance to all issues of the general public. Above all else the creators stress that the subject of initiative is a significant theme worth examining and they investigate this theme from various view focuses. The book contains six significant sections. The principal part is about the developing enthusiasm for initiative in present days. In this part the writers start from the earliest starting point making the perusers mindful of various related definitions, causes and numerous significant issues. In the second section the creators depict the distinctive Biblical points of view of the authority. In this section they additionally talk about other past and existing viewpoints and attempt to give the perusers the changing situation of administration and the services of the average citizens. In the third part they portray diverse rising ideas including strict degree of authority. At this setting the writers help the perusers to accept the way that strict practices may assist with creating individuals who will considerably regard the standards of the acculturated society. In the fourth part the creators distinctively depict the diverse well known ways to deal with initiative. Aside from the mainstream draws near, various ways to deal with administration which depend on the confidence of the individuals are additionally talked about in this piece of the book. In the following section, one of the most significant themes, the various methods of performing authority have been examined. In such manner the creators notice that a pioneer must be straightforward to the ordinary citizens in their activity of initiative. In addition the procedure of initiative ought to be continued with veracity, honesty to the ordinary citizens whom they speak to and all things considered the pioneers must serve the average folks with trustworthiness. In the 6th and last part the creators depict the execution and the various results of Christian administration through breaking down certain cases including the instances of Frank Buchman, Soren Kierkegaard who were driving figure in contemporary perspectives. As per the writers, the book is â€Å"†¦a product of scriptural examination and reflection on our own encounters. †1 Actually, in the assessment of the essayists, the book depends on the contemporary compositions of various individuals and ends made by examining the lives of some commendable Christian pioneers. Over all the significant end, got from the book, is that the initiative is about the general advancement surprisingly of the general public and not for the improvement of a specific gathering of individuals of society. The interrelationship among religion and governmental issues turns out to be progressively complicated in present days yet one thing which can’t be denied that both religion and legislative issues are for the total improvement of the general public and for diminishing the sufferings of average citizens regardless of their social height. So far what we have talked about prompts the way that genuine administration in appropriate usage of services or setting up a strict framework by persuading countless individuals can be of incredible assistance to build up a country. 1. Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter, Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2004), 11.

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Tempest and Dreams Essay Example For Students

The Tempest and Dreams Essay It is significant to acknowledge in any case, that creative mind isn't limited exclusively to the finishes of both The Tempest and Dreams. Creative mind is required all through each piece, including myself from the earliest starting point, to end. In spite of the fact that creative mind is fundamental in both, each requires it for various purposes. So as to completely get a handle on The Tempest, it was essential for me to envision the setting all the more then I was required to in Dreams which portrayed it in expand terms. Likewise, I found that Dreams made me question certain convictions that I held, where as I acknowledged a greater amount of the guidelines in The Tempest. For instance, in Dreams, Everett proposes a fairly fascinating inquiry that set off my creative mind for potential clarifications. The main spot that Kenneth Albright goes, I let you know, is in dreams, Everett said. That is the main spot past the ward into which the patient can or escapes.' (Findley, 99). A progression of inquiries emerged in myself, promptly following this thought, for example, is this extremely conceivable? Would one be able to go into anothers dreams? My creative mind was required to completely grapple with these inquiries, in which I comprehended that it was feasible for Everett to encounter Kenneth, however that Kenneth couldn't encounter Everett in the fantasy. Creative mind is in this manner, a need to welcome these apparently ludicrous and somewhat inconceivable speculations. We will compose a custom article on The Tempest and Dreams explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now At long last, in both The Tempest and Dreams emerge two comparable characters, Mimi and Gonzalo who are depicted as the insightful ones and the defenders, while contrasting in the interest of dream versus reality topic. Gonzalo is viewed as the defender of Prospero and Miranda as he sends them off on a vessel with food, water, and different necessities to guarantee their endurance, while he is told to kill them. He is the down to earth one in the novel, which is the reason he didn't move into the fantasy world serenely. He would much rather remain in reality where things were spread out all together and the entirety of the activities of individuals could be represented. It was not by his decision to wind up on the strange island and he doesn't especially fit into this creative setting. He is constrained into the fantasy world, yet would much rather be arranged as a general rule. For the situation when Ariel gave him the admonition in his fantasies that peril was close to he stirred abruptly and wanted to stay in reality for the rest of the night. There was a commotion, that is verily. Tis best we remain upon our watchman, or that we quit this spot. Lets draw our weapons. (Shakespeare, 40). He was set up to move camp and arrange elsewhere trying to get away from the fantasy world that he ended up in for a brief timeframe. Mimi shares huge numbers of indistinguishable qualities from does Gonzalo in that she is a gatekeeper figure and defender over Everett, for example, Gonzalo was over Prospero and Miranda. At the point when she found that he was unable to rest she was resolved to remain alert, so as to look out for him and administer his wellbeing. In any case, she was the watchman of her significant other, yet additionally that of her patient Brain Bassett, as she was referred to in the medical clinic as, Bassetts insane gatekeeper blessed messenger. (94). She turned out to be included and appended to him, as Everett had become to Kenneth. Be that as it may, not at all like Everett and even Gonzalo, she was considerably more ready to turn out to be separated of the fantasy world at that point was Everett or Gonzalo. She entered the fantasy world effectively trying to spare her patient, Brian and help her better half, Everett. With Brian she went into his reality to all the more likely get him, All right, she said to Brian Bassett in her brain, you win. (Findley, 95). .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .postImageUrl , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:hover , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:visited , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:active { border:0!important; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:active , .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u04 fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u04fa6f69970099a32a2d1a42d359c98f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Olouadah Equiano EssayShe was there with him, consoling him, making one final association with him before passed on. Thus she was with Everett, effectively taking an interest in his fantasy world as he battled. Im holding up here, she let him know, until we both wake up.' (Findley, 100). She imparted this fantasy to him, to solace and bolster him. While Gonzalo was considerably more fitted to this present reality, Mimi took an interest overwhelmingly in the fanciful world to support and console the individuals who she was managing, not at all like Gonzalo. Taking everything into account, as you read further into both the play and short story, it turns out to be significantly more apparent that these two pieces do really share a comparative subject going through them two. Through the setting, characters and structure of the two pieces, similitudes emerge in the topic of dream versus reality. I have not had a lot of experience perusing pieces that remove you in and from various real factors, for example, The Tempest and Dreams have done. I found that I expected to peruse all the more mindfully then I in any case would, so as to recognize which world and setting I was in. I astounded myself also, in that I am typically not a tolerant individual of leaving things to enchantment, and even as a youngster would censure things for not being reasonable. Be that as it may, while perusing The Tempest I later understood that I totally acknowledged the clarification that enchantment made it conceivable and that destiny drove the way. I had the option to acknowledge The Tempest as to a greater degree an anecdotal piece, at that point I could of Dreams, for I have been to Toronto ordinarily and comprehend it as a genuine spot, while an island on the Mediterranean appears to be far and far off to me, an ideal setting for an anecdotal story. While understanding Dreams in any case, I wound up accepting that Mimi and Everett were genuine individuals, seeing as how the setting was so genuine. Dreams also, had a particularly solid effect on me because of my own encounters as a kid. While living in my past house when I was around age five or six, I would have a reoccurring bad dream. Consistently I could depend on a similar dream wherein I was being pursued down a school passage. When Everett would not rest due to a reoccurring dream, I saw precisely what he was feeling and it gave me the chills as I recollected a comparable fear of resting. This, alongside the way that I continued trusting Dreams was incompletely non-anecdotal, caused the short story to appear to be additionally chilling then The Tempest. While there are evident contrasts, in the two Dreams and The Tempest, numerous similitudes can likewise be found. Using setting, characters and structure the topic of dream versus the truth is passed on in an obvious and appealing manner.

Saturday, August 8, 2020

4 Brilliant Tips for Dealing With Angry Customers

4 Brilliant Tips for Dealing With Angry Customers A couple years back, I worked as a customer service representative for a tech company. I enjoyed the work â€" talking to customers, helping them sort out any issues they were having with the company’s products. I understood the products well and loved hearing the delight in customer’s voices after their problem was resolved. I considered myself good at handling people, until I had my first experience with an irate customer.Sure, most of the people who call customer support are usually unsatisfied about something. But most of them are usually calm and logical, looking for a solution rather than someone to berate.Not this customer.He started yelling angrily the moment I picked up the call. He went on and on about how our products were useless, how the whole company was a joke and how stupid the customer support (me) was.This got to me and I felt the urge to shout back at him.However, I knew the call was being recorded. Yelling back at him would put my job in jeopardy, therefore I s imply let him yell until he ran out of steam and hung up.If you work in a customer-facing role, it is inevitable that you will have to deal with an angry customer, if you haven’t already. The incidents will not be so many, but they will certainly be there.For every single customer who complains about your product or service, there are 26 other customers who don’t voice their concerns, opting instead to take their business elsewhere.Customers might get angry for a variety of reasons, some justified and some not â€" your products or services did not meet their expectations, they had incorrect assumptions that led to wrong expectations, the problem occurred at an inconvenient time, you name it.If you want to be successful in business, you have to know how to deal with disgruntled customers, because they will always be there.Whether you are dealing with the customer on phone or whether the angry customer is physically present, these situations are usually filled with stress and unpr edictability that can easily result in disaster for your company.You need to know how to deal with such situations tactfully in a way that minimizes the chances of a damaging outcome for your business.Being prepared and knowing ahead of time what to do in such situations is the key to reaching outcomes with the least damage to your business. Below are four brilliant tips for dealing with angry customers.USE THE CUSTOMER’S NAME The first thing you should do when faced with an angry customer is to find out their name and use it to address the customer. This might sound odd.What does a name have to do with an angry customer?A person’s name is a very important thing to him or her. It forms a major part of their identity, of who they are.According to Dale Carnegie, a famous American author,“A person’s name is to him or her the sweetest and most important sound in any language.” According to this research, hearing our name makes our brains ecstatic and causes some parts of the b rain to light up. Note that this only happens when we hear our own name, not any other name. This shows how important a person’s name is.By finding out and using the customer’s name, you are creating a great connection to their individuality and identity. You are humanizing the interaction between the two of you. Instead of the tricky situation being an interaction being between the company and a faceless customer, you turn it into a conversation between two people.It shows that your care about the customer, that you respect that and recognize that they have a problem, which you are willing to find a solution to. This makes the customer feel important and plays a huge role in calming them down.Therefore, whenever you encounter an angry customer, start by asking for their name and then use it when addressing him or her. Below is an example of how staff in customer-facing roles typically address complaining customers:“I’m sorry for that sir! Let me see what I can do.”“What can I do to help ma’am?”“I can see why you are upset.”Now, compare the above responses with the following statements:“I’m sorry for that, Dave! Let me see what I can do.”“What can I do to help, Chloe?”“I can see why you are upset, Kelvin.”The responses with the customer’s name sound a lot less formal and much more sincere than the responses where the customer is simply addressed as sir or madam.This makes the customer feel like you actually understand their frustrations and that you are more invested in helping him or her solve their issue.REMAIN CALMWhen you find yourself in an interaction with an angry person, with their anger directed at you, your brain’s first instinct is to get you into fight or flight mode. Your first urge is to either defend yourself or attack the person.Resist any temptations to get into a vehement verbal sparring match with the customer. Doing so is both inefficient and ineffective â€" it won’t get you anywhere.Actually, getting into a shouting match with the customer cannot lead to any positive outcome for you or the business. It does not matter if you make better points in the argument or if you yell louder than the angry customer.You will only succeed in making the customer angrier, which is the last thing you want to do. If you want to calm the customer down and have a meaningful conversation, you have to remain calm yourself. Without remaining calm, it will be impossible for you to find out what their problem is.Regardless of what the customer says to you, try not to get angry. Don’t let your ego get the better of you. Remain calm and professional and avoid yelling back at them or adopting an angry tone.Sure, dealing with the angry customer might be frustrating, but you don’t want to give this impression to the customer.Even if you are not yelling, you do not want the customer to think that you are disdained by their complaints, since this will only make them angrier and thwart any chances of mean ingful communication.Maintain a neutral expression as you engage with the customer and calmly show that you are interested in finding out more about their problem and finding a solution for it.If you find it hard maintaining your calm, take deep, calm breaths until you start calming down.Don’t make the breathing obvious to the customer, since it might come across as creepy. By displaying a calm and professional demeanor, the customer might be unconsciously compelled to mirror your attitude, thereby effectively calming him down. If the customer is shouting, a good idea is to ask him to speak slower.According to a study published in the Science Daily, a loud voice is usually accompanied by faster speech. By asking the customer to slow down his speech, he will automatically and subconsciously lower his voice and become calmer. Request the customer to speak slower as many times as necessary until he starts calming down.Another great tactic for remaining calm and calming down a custome r is to ask questions. Instead of trying to show them why they are wrong, ask questions that require them to focus on the facts.Ask how they would like you to assist or seek clarification for some details in their story. Most times, the customer’s anger is a result of the emotional response associated with the inconvenience caused by your products or services.By asking factual questions, you shift the client from the emotional aspect of their complaint to a more objective view that is focused on finding a solution rather than complaining.You should also learn not to take things personally when dealing with an angry customer. Keep in mind that the customer is not angry with you. They are angry because they are dissatisfied with a certain aspect of your products or services.In their anger, the client might not be keen about their choice of language, which means that a lot of their displeasure might be directed at you.Even if they are addressing you, you have to remind yourself that they are actually talking about the company and not you as an individual. Keeping this in mind will make it easier for you to remain calm in such a situation.Another thing you should avoid here is trying to place the blame on the customer. There are many situations where customers will angrily complain about something that is entirely their fault.However, placing the blame on an angry customer will only make him more irate and will push him away from your company. He might actually turn into a crusader against your business.A research by Esteban Kolsky shows that 13% of unhappy customers will share their bad experience with 15 or more people. This is not good for your business. If you think the problem is their fault, calmly explain the company’s policy for dealing with such issues without directly putting the blame on the customer.APOLOGIZE TO THE CUSTOMERThere are several reasons why a customer might be angry. In some cases, the reason behind the customer’s anger will be your (the company’s) fault. For instance, their delivery might have been bungled, they might have received a product that is not working, your service might have crashed at a crucial moment, a member of staff might have treated them badly, and so on.In other cases, the customer’s anger might be due to reasons outside the company’s control. Probably the customer dropped their product in water or did something else that damaged the product, they might not have followed the manual, they had wrong expectations of the product, or maybe the customer is just having a bad day and is complaining about a non-issue.If the fault is not something under your control, you might be tempted to tell the customer that it was not your fault. Regardless of the reason behind the customer’s anger, you need to apologize to the customer.Apologize for something that is not your fault? You might be wondering why on earth you would do that. Well, here’s the thing. If you in a customer facing role, you are the face of the company. You are its ears, its eyes and its mouth.To the angry customer, you are the company, and they believe that the company has wronged them.Therefore, regardless of whether you were involved in whatever angered the customer or not, you need to apologize to the customer on behalf of the company.When giving an apology, you need to watch out for the kind of language you use. If the customer’s concern is the fault of the company, you should apologize and take responsibility for your (the company’s) mistake.For example, if a customer is complaining because an order was sent to the wrong address, you could say, “I’m sorry that the order was sent to the wrong address. It must have been a mistake on the part of our dispatch team. Let me see what we can do to make up for the inconvenience.” Note that in this apology, you are accepting the blame for the mistake.On the other hand, if you determine that the customer’s concern is not the company’s fault, you s hould issue an apology for the situation the customer is going through while being careful not to accept the blame.For example, if the customer bought a computer from you but then dropped it, causing it to stop working, this is clearly not the company’s fault. In such a situation, you should apologize for what they are going through and then calmly explain the company’s policy for dealing with such issues, again without directly putting the blame on the customer.For instance, you might say,“I’m sorry about the fact that your computer is not working. I understand that this is a great inconvenience for you. However, our warranty only covers manufacturer defects.”Note that this apology does not assume responsibility for the customer’s concern.Why is apologizing important? Many times, angry customers are not looking for a refund or a special bonus because the company has made a mistake, especially if the mistake has only slightly inconvenienced them.They just want the compan y to acknowledge the mistake and apologize for it. According to a research by the Nottingham School of Economics, angry customers are more likely to forgive a company that issues an apology compared to one that offers financial compensation for an inconvenience.According to the research, 45% of customers who received an apology for a delay in delivery withdrew their negative review of the company, compared to only 23% of customers who were offered financial compensation.Therefore, before you pull out your checkbook in an attempt to appease an angry customer, try giving them a simple “sorry for the mistake.” Not only is it more effective, it is also a lot cheaper.MAKE THE CUSTOMER FEEL HEARDAnother great way to calm down an angry customer is to make them feel heard and understood. An angry customer is already in a highly emotional state. Regardless of the reason behind their anger, they believe that they have been wronged and that their concerns are valid.By complaining to you, t hey not only want you to solve the problem, but also to understand the pain and frustration you have put them through.If you rush to solve the problem, they might feel that their pain and frustration is being ignored, which might make even more upset. Therefore, before you start proposing solutions, you need to make the customer feel heard and understood.To make the customer feel heard and understood, you will need to use your best listening skills. Since the customer probably wants to vent, you should give them the time to rant. Be patient and hear them out.Even if they say something that does not add up, resist the urge to interrupt them. Like pouring gasoline on a raging fire, interrupting an angry customer will only make them madder.At the same time, you don’t want the customer to feel like they are talking to themselves, especially when they are complaining on phone where they can’t see you. As they talk, encourage them with verbal prompts to show that you are still listeni ng. Use words such as “okay,” “uh huh,” and “oh, I see.”This gives them the assurance that you are paying attention to what they are saying and makes them feel like you want to know the whole story.Once they are done venting, you need to make it clear to the customer that you have actually heard and understood their concerns. Show the customer that were justified in raising their concerns. You can do this through reassuring statements, such as,“I can certainly understand why you are upset,” or “calling us was the right thing to do.”Another way to show the customer that you were paying attention is to repeat the problem back to the customer. As you do this, you need to acknowledge not only the facts of the situation, but also how they made the customer feel. For instance, you might say,“I know it must have been frustrating and inconveniencing for you not to receive the product when you were expecting it.”If something about their complaint feels a little unclea r, ask questions to make sure you fully understand their complaint. Once the customer realizes that you actually care about their problem and how it made them feel, they are more likely to calm down and give you the space to come up with a solution for their problem.In addition to helping them calm down, listening to an angry customer can also be beneficial to your business. First, listening to an angry customer provides you with an opportunity to learn something valuable from the customer. Angry people are some of the most honest people you will ever come across. An angry customer does not care about your feelings, which means that they will tell you things as they are.Instead of treating their rant as a nuisance, think of it as valuable customer feedback. Their complaint might help you discover an element of your product that you overlooked or internal processes that need to be fixed. This provides you with opportunities to make improvements, which is something every business shou ld be doing.In addition, acknowledging and implementing something suggested by a customer will make the customer feel valued and can even turn them into a loyal devotee of your brand.Secondly, listening to an angry customer might also provide you with a chance to teach something valuable to the customer. As you listen to the customer’s rant and ask questions to further understand their problem, you might realize that the functionality they are complaining about is actually available elsewhere in your product, or that they have a misconception about your product.This makes it easier for you to solve their problem and convert them into a loyal customer. This might also help you realize that you have been positioning your product incorrectly, thus giving you an opportunity to re-strategize your product positioning and attract even more customers.WRAPPING UPIf you work in a customer-facing role, it is inevitable that you will have to deal with an angry customer at some point. While su ch situations are usually characterized by stress and predictability, the 4 tips shared in this article can help to tactfully deal with the situation and minimize the chances of a damaging outcome for your business.When you encounter an angry customer, you should first use their name to create a connection with them and make them feel special. Despite anything the customer says, you should always maintain your cool.Offer an apology to the customer and ensure that you make them feel heard and understood. Once you learn to utilize these 4 tips, you will no longer be unnerved by an angry customer.

Friday, June 26, 2020

Opportunities and Risks in Doing Business in Western Regions of China - Free Essay Example

1. What do you think are the opportunities and risks in doing business in western regions of China? Are they any different from those in the east of China? Executive Summary The economic development in Eastern China has grown dramatically after the reforms, however, the vast potential has seen in Western China which cannot be overlooked. Thus, this paper will examine the differences in opportunities and risks for business in China comparing eastern region to western region. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emerging markets in second, third and fourth tier business centers, from Harbin in the north to Kunming in the south, from Qingdao in the east to Urumqi in the west, which are now growing faster than the traditional Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou markets. Foreign investment in Western China provide tremendous opportunities, as Chengdu and Chongqingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favorable central China positions, and the integration of Yunnan and Guangxi into the Free Trade Agreemen t with ASEAN. Moreover, the western region of China which is now a new hotspot for multinational companies due to its lower land and labor costs, rich natural resources. Taking advantage of favorable government tax and investment incentives therefore makes great sense while these areas are still on the upward trend. Also, government implemented its Western Development Strategy (WDS) also known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Go Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  policy in 2001. The lagging economic progress of the region prompted the Central Government to offer incentives for business development, including a much lower corporate income tax with 15% as opposed to the usual 25% for companies relocating. The plan also calls for massive infrastructure development both in urban and rural areas. However, hidden problems exist despite the economic development in the western regions. Introduction Since 1978 China has developed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“open up policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to reform Chinese economic orga nization, its economy has been rapidly developing in the past reforming years, which enables it to own higher economical social status both regionally and internationally. Therefore, the Chinese economy has been rapidly increasing with an average 9.4 percent annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world (Zheng, 2005). China has made a great change to its traditional closed market and showed the world its great potential in work force, economic independence and power of consumption. Moreover, internal migration and labor mobility in China are not only part of the transformation from a agricultural economy to an industrial as developing countries, but also part of a unique economic transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Also, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 to become competitive in the global market. As such they have been important factors in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rapid economic growth during the re form era. However, it makes China faces the inequality problems from eastern and western regions. Because eastern region is more developing region whose economic development level is higher than western region, who owns larger competitive companies both nationally and internationally. So letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first examine the risks and opportunities of western region for business in detail, then it will compare those of eastern region. Opportunities in west -Go West policy Chinas Go West strategy, launched just before the countrys entry into the WTO in 2001, has been a milestone in the nations economic development. It officially called the Western Development Program, covers the municipality of Chongqing and the provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan and the autonomous regions of Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang. The aim was to boost the poorer western parts of the country that had so far not enjoyed the economic benefits of Chinas opening up to the outside world. Since then, some $325 billion has been invested in major infrastructure projects in the western region, one of the biggest economic regeneration programs of all time. It has not been about relocating export-oriented, low-cost manufacturing from Guangdong just for the cheaper labor. Much of the emphasis has been on bringing in new science and technology industries. For example, the Xian High-Tech Industries Development Zone (XHTZ) is one of six zones nationally that the Chinese government wants to turn into world-class science parks. It solved a problem of local talent drain, many people returning from urban areas, as youngers used to prefer to work in Beijing and Shanghai but now they want to work here. -Economic Development Policies for Western China opportunities Wsetern China is often mistakenly dismissed as desert and, therefore, not perceived as any kind of profitable market opportunity. However, Chinas western regions are now as a new growth engine for the countrys economy when eastern regions are experiencing industrial overcapacity and falling external demand. The GDP in Chinas western regions grew 10.7 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of 2013, which is 1.6 percentage points higher than eastern regions. For instance, Lanzhou, capital of Gansu province as the role and responsibility of gateway of economic growth of the western, which is the first State-level new special economic development zone in the west to boost the development of Western China. Lanzhou locates in the favorable geographical center of northwest China, makes it the key regional transport hub for the entire region, allowing areas further west to maintain railroad connections to the eastern half of the country with a dramatic reduction in transport costs, which added further attraction as an investment center. Narrowed economic gap Since 2004, the economic gap between Chinas east and west has narrowed due to t he central governments supportive policy according to Tsinghua University report. The report showed that since 1990, the coefficient of difference or gap between Chinas east and west per capita GDP fell from 0.75 in 2004 to 0.6 in 2008. Since the global economic crisis, China has directed a large portion of its stimulus package to the western region in an effort to improve peoples livelihood as well as to boost and support infrastructure construction, the ecological environment, industrial promotion, technological innovation and post-quake reconstruction there. Risk in west Intraregional Disparities In recent years an exciting performance of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development is that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interregional disparities has put up a declining trend. But unfortunately, Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intraregional disparities have enlarged significantly after WDS. Because western China includes 12 provinces and regions where there exist enormous na tural, geographical and economic differences as well as comparative advantages, so uniform development strategy to western regions was ineffective within the regions. In 2009, Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural population still accounted for over 30% of the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total rural population and over 60% of the total population in Western China. While incomes from wages, salaries and properties in Western China are very low. Moreover, 60% of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural poverty population is located in Western China, and poverty incidence rate and poverty intensity are also much higher than those in other regions (RSD, 2010). -Human capital shortage and brain drain Central governments made great efforts on education and personnel training in recent year. Due to disadvantages of income level, working and living environments, so that most of high level professionals tend to work in eastern coastal regions rather than western ones. For example, more than 90 percent of college and university graduates in Western China prefer to obtain employment in eastern regions. Thus, rural labor force drain in Western China is seriously, the western regions of China needed more people with better skills. Since late 1980s, huge number of peasants began to leave their home and work in cities. More importantly, most of outgoing rural migrant workers are young and relatively better-educated, while the remaining ones are mainly old and poorly educated people. It will definitely cause negative impacts on Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural economy, especially agriculture development. -Backward Technology and Innovation Capability Technology progress is the source of long-term economic growth, it can not only improve factor productivity but also contribute to optimizing industrial structure. Generally, regions with higher technical level indicate higher economic development level. The problem is that both technology and economic development le vel of Western China are very low. Also, inefficient resource development and lower innovation capabilities resulted in serious resources waste and environmental damage due to backward technology. Therefore, It is ineffective to promoting technology progress and eventually cannot be benefitting industrial structure upgrading. -Patterns for Infrastructure Construction The first problem is the allocation of benefits. Following the current construction pattern, most of social and economic benefits created by infrastructure construction flow out rather than localize in western regions. The second one is the inadequate and backward public infrastructure, especially in the fields of education, transportation, health care service and social security. The last is that infrastructure construction excessively depends on state funds and bonds, while private investment in infrastructures has not yet been widely utilized. Opportunities in east -Market Opportunities As China is sti ll a developing country with significant economic divisions between urban and rural areas, even China has been developing western regions, but we cannot neglect the rapid economic growth in the eastern urban areas, which has led to a booming consumer market for high-end goods and services, including tourism and education. China will account for about 20 percent of global luxury goods consumption by 2015, or US$27 billion. By 2020, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s middle class is expected to account for around 45 percent of the population, or approximately 700 million people. -Income Since 1990, income disparities and the gap in development between the eastern and western regions of China have widened. As a result, in 2004, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong accounted for 82.7 percent of the value of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exports and 45.2 percent of all jobs in manufacturing. Also, in 2011, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents was US$3,454 and the per-capita disposable income of rural residents stood at US$1,105. -Labour migration Reform of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hukouà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ system is essential for labor mobility and hence for urbanization and economic development. At the same time, markets became more important forces in allocating capital and labor. The coastal regions took the benefit as booming areas to attract massive flows of labor, which in turn has stimulated economic growth in these regions and improved the efficiency of labor allocation. Due to vast potential in eastern regions, the number of migrant workers remains high. In 2011, the urban population exceeded that residing in rural areas for the first time, with 691 million urbanites and 657 million rural dwellers. In the long run, ruralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"urban migrants will be the main source of labor for industry in China, helping to maintain its low-cost advantage. Risk in east -Cost Increases Rising costs have been a c oncern in China for many years and become more seriously the increases may have outpaced company expectations of tolerable expense increases Conclusion In conclusion, even the long period development in eastern coastal regions, however, via the reforms in western regions, it can compete with eastern regions under the contemporary China. It is favorable for doing business either in Eastern China or Western China, as long as comparing and analyzing the different conditions among eastern and western. As China is now central to the world economy and is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest trading nation as measured by the sum of exports and imports. The country is expected to surpass the US to become the largest economy by 2028. The last three decades of economic reform has made China not only the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s factory, but also the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest market for numerous products. China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world since the refor m in 1978. This growth has led to an improved dramatically in real living standards, expanded the scope of personal freedom, increased social mobility and to an unprecedented decline in poverty. The World Bank estimates that poverty headcount ratio had declined to 10% by 2004, indicating that about 500 million people have been lifted out of poverty in a generation. Nevertheless, the phenomenal rate of change has brought with it different kinds of stresses. China faces serious natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation. It has also seen growing disparities of different kinds as people in different parts of the country and with different characteristics have benefited from the growth at different rates in eastern and western regions. As such, a basic understanding and comparison of the opportunities and risks of Eastern and Western China, is imperative for anyone interested in doing business in the global market. Table of Contents Executive Summary Introductio n Opportunities in west à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Go Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ policy Economic Development Policies for Western China opportunities Narrowed economic gap Risk in west Intraregional Disparities Human capital shortage and brain drain Backward Technology and Innovation Capability Patterns for Infrastructure Construction Opportunities in east Market Opportunities Income Labour migration Risk in east Cost Increases Conclusion References Appendix References Research Team of Ministry of Agriculture (2001), A Study on Change of Rural Population and Tenure System Reform in China, Project Report, Beijing. Meng, X., Gregory R., and Wang, Y. (2005), Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Urban China, 1986-2000, Journal of Comparative Economics, 33(4). Ravallion, M., Chen, S. (2007) Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s uneven progress against poverty, Journal of Development Economics, 82, pp1-42. Lin, J (2004) Regional inequality and labor t ransfers in China, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(3): 587-603. Cai, F. (2004) Migration, unemployment and urban labour market segregation in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic transition, The World Economy, 4. Dollar, R. (2005) Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Economies. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(1), pp1-31. Lardy, R. (2002) The Economic Future of China. Retrieved March 10,2014, online available at https://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/lardy.html

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Gilgamesh Reflection - 996 Words

There is an interesting phenomenon in the world we live in: people are starting to care less about the people around them, and rather is being more drawn to the technology that can be seen everywhere in the society. The protagonist of the book Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh, is indeed a barbarous character who learns the lesson of caring more about people only after the experience of losing someone who holds great importance in his heart. The book spends a generous amount of its content describing and telling the readers the moral that it is important to pay more attention to people that are dear to us. We need to value their opinions and let them know how much they mean to us before time takes control and makes it too late to do and say anything.†¦show more content†¦It was after reading Gilgamesh that I came to the abrupt realization of the myriad similarities I, unexpectedly, share with Gilgamesh. In prior to reading this book, I used to quarrel over minor matters with my parents, knowing that they would never truly get mad at me because of their parental love. At the dinner table, I would be constantly distracted by electronics and checking my phone every now and then, choosing to be oblivious of how disrespectful I can appear to be in my parents’ eyes. I knew it was not the right thing to do and that I should not be treating my parents in such manner. But I would use puberty as an excuse whenever I wanted to make a change, telling myself that it wouldn’t make a difference to my parents. Now, however, I am clearly aware that my behaviors do mean something. After reading Gilgamesh and having discussed it in class, I realized that just like Gilgamesh, I was so accustomed to the love and care my parents had shown and given me that I took them for granted. I am beyond glad that from Gilgamesh I am able to learn to show my love for the people I care about before it is too late, as it is in Gilgamesh’s case. Now that I begin to restrain the ha bit of always laying my eyes on my phone and am trying to open myself up more to my parents, I am noticing changes in the way my parents converse with me and treat me. Ever since the change starts to take place, I have been able to know my parents better and discovering aspects of themShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh Reflection1005 Words   |  5 Pagesrealize what they need to do. This is what occurs to a man named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh starts out as a tyrant ruler to his people of Uruk. Gilgamesh, who is two thirds god and one third human, is godlike in body and mind and rules his people with an iron fist and becomes better and stronger in every way possible. He rapes women, attacks the villagers, and offends the gods. He listens to no one and does whatever he pleases. 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The Epic of Gilgamesh offers the story and adventure of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, who was two-thirds god and one-thirdRead MoreEssay on The Epic of Gilgamesh1954 Words   |  8 Pagesthe same time, this state of advancement of great antiquity was also an attribute of divinity. The elements of civilization were intimately associated to the highly esteemed divine mediation. Despite the prominent theology culture in The Epic of Gilgamesh, divine intervention is not the only element that could transform the crude heroic figures into sagacious men. Strength and power are definitely not the only possessions that could advance one in life even though they clearly distinguish the heroesRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesof a tale about slaying mystical creatures, scorning a goddess, and traveling to fantastical places, lies the narrative of a profound friendship between two men. 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The poem depicts a wide range of themes such as the inevitability of death, whichRead MoreThe Historical And Cultural Value Of The Ancient Mesopotamia1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmythical narrative poems of ancient Mesopotamia â€Å"Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative† written by Babylonians, is undoubtedly the crystallization of Sumerian culture. From the content of the story, one can see ancient Sumerian’s early civilization, society, and religion culture. Comparing this poem to modern plays such as â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare, this ancient narrative epic still h as an important historical and cultural value so far. The Gilgamesh story took place in ancient Mesopotamia, where developedRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Jeopardy Of A Hero1271 Words   |  6 Pagesof Gilgamesh was an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. The Epic of Gilgamesh, is often known as the earliest surviving great work of literature, by an unknown author but translated by N.K. Sanders. 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